Encyclopedia of Computer Graphics and Games

Encyclopedia of Computer Graphics and Games (ECGG) is a unique reference resource tailored to meet the needs of research and applications for industry professionals and academic communities worldwide. The ECGG covers the history, technologies, and trends of computer graphics and games.Editor-in-ChiefNewton Lee, Institute for Education, Research, and Scholarships, Los Angeles, CA, USA  Academic Co-ChairShlomo Dubnov, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USAVinesh Thiruchelvam, Asia Pacific University of Technology & Innovation, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaPatrick C. K. Hung, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Faculty of Business and IT, Oshawa, ON, CanadaIndustry Co-ChairShuichi Kurabayashi, Cygames, Inc. & Keio University, Kanagawa, JapanXiaomao Wu, Gritworld GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany Editorial BoardLeigh Achterbosch, Federation University Australia, School of Science, Engineering, IT and Physical Sciences, Mt Helen, Ballarat, VIC, AustraliaMd Atiqur Rahman Ahad, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, BangladeshRamazan S. Aygun, Kennesaw State University, Department of Computer Science, Marietta, GA, USABarbaros Bostan, Bahçesehir University (BAU), BUG Game Lab, Istanbul, TurkeyGuven Catak, Bahçesehir University (BAU), BUG Game Lab, Istanbul, TurkeyAlvin Chan, Cambridge Corporate University, Lucerne, SwitzerlandAnirban Chowdhury, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Department of User Experience and Interaction Design, School of Design (SoD), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, IndiaSaverio Debernardis, Politecnico di Bari, Dipartimento di Meccanica, Matematica e Management, Bari, ItalyAbdennour El Rhalibi, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK Stefano Ferretti, University of Bologna, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bologna, ItalyHan Hu, Beijing Institute of Technology, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing, ChinaSusan Johnston, Select Services Films Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USAChris Joslin, Carleton University, Ottawa, CanadaSicilia Ferreira Judice, University of Calgary, Dept. of Computer Science, Calgary, CanadaJulia Juremi, Asia Pacific University of Technology & Innovation, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaHoshang Kolivand, Liverpool John Moores University, Department Computer Science, Liverpool, UKJaci Lee Lederman, Vincennes University, Vincennes, IN, USADario Maggiorini, University of Milan, Department of Computer Science, Milano, ItalyTim McGraw, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USAGeorge Papagiannakis, University of Crete, Computer Science Department, Heraklion, Greece; Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, GreeceFlorian Richoux, Université de Nantes, Nantes, FranceAndrea Sanna, Politecnico di Torino, Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica, Turin, ItalyYann Savoye, Liverpool John Moores University, Department of Computer Science, Liverpool, United KingdomSercan Sengün, Illinois State University, Wonsook Kim College of Fine Arts, Normal, IL, USARuck Thawonmas, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, JapanRojin Vishkaie, Ball State University, College of Communication, Information, and Media, Muncie, IN, USADuncan A. H. Williams, University of York, Digital Creativity Labs, Department of Computer Science, York, UKSai-